A summary of Nutritions: Source, Daily Requirment, Function and Diseases
A summary of Nutritions: Source, Daily Requirment, Function and Diseases
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composition of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Carbohydrates are main source of energy.
The daily requirements of carbohydrate is 400-500 gm.
Proteins
Proteins are composition of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur.
Proteins are very important for growth and repair of body tissues.
Proteins helps in synthesise of antibodies, hormones, enzymes, haemoglobin and plasma proteins.
The daily requirement of protein is about 1.0 gm/kg of body weight.
Prolonged protein deficiency may cause death of large number of liver cells (liver necrosis).
Fats are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Fats are also called concentrated source of heat and energy.
Deficiency of essential fatty acids may causes of rough and dry skin.
Calcium
The body has about 24 mineral substances.
Calcium found in the bones and teeth.
Calcium is essential for the clotting of blood.
The richest source of calcium is milk.
The daily requirment of calcium is 0.5 to 1.0 gm.
Deficiency of calcium lead to rickets and osteomalacia.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is contained in every cell of the body.
The daily requirment of phosphorus is 1.5 gm.
The deficiency of phosphorus leads to softening of bones.
Sodium
Sodium chloride occurs in all tissues and body fluids.
Sodium helps in maintaining pH of body.
The daily requirment of sodium is from 5-20 gm.
The deficiency of sodium chloride leads to cramps, weakness and dryness of mouth.
Potassium
Potassium is also helps in maintaining the pH of body fluids.
The daily requirments of potassium is from 5 to 7 gm.
Iron
Iron is essential for the formation of haemoglobin in RBCs.
75% of total amount of iron is present in haemoglobin.
The daily requirment of iron is 15 mg.
The deficiency of iron leads to anaemia.
Iodine
Iodine occurs in all the tissues and fluids of the body.
Iodine helps in the formation of thyroxine hormone.
Fluorine
Fluorine is an essential element for normal mineralization of bones.
The main source of fluorine is drinking water.
Deficiency of fluorine leads to dental carries and skeletal fluorosis.
Zinc
Zinc is a component of many enzymes.
Zinc is essential for the synthesis of insulin in pancreas.
The daily requirment of zinc is 10-15 mg.
Deficiency of zinc cause of retarded growth and impaired sexual functions.
Vitamin A
Fat soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D, E and K.
Water soluble vitamins are vitamin B complex and vitamn C.
Vitamin B complex includes vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6, B7, B12, Folic acid.
Vitamin A is also known as retinol.
The daily requirment of vitamin a is 5000 I.U.
Cod liver oil and shark liver oil are the richest source of vitamin A.
Provitamin A known as carotene.
Defeciency of vitamin A leads to Night blindness, Xerophthalmia and keratomalacia.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D ( calciferol) is essential for prevention and cure of rickets and osteomalacia.
Cod-liver-oil is the richest source of vitamin D.
The daily requirment of vitamin D is 1000 I.U.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E ( tocopherol) is an anti sterility vitamin.
The daily requirment of vitamin E for an adult is 10 mg.
Deficiency of vitamin E leads to death of foetus in uterus and sterility in males and females.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is essential for coagulation of blood.
Administration of antibiotics for more than a week may cause deficiency of vitamin K.
Deficiency of vitamin K leads to increased prothrombin time.
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B1 is also known as thiamine.
Vitamin B1 is essential for the normal growth and health of the body.
The daily requirment of vitamin B1 is 2 mg.
Deficiency of vitamin B1 leads to beri beri.
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B2 is also known as riboflavin.
The daily requirment of riboflavin is 2-3 mg.
The deficiency of vitamin B2 leads to stomatits and glossitis.
Vitamin B3
Vitamin B3 is also known as nicotinic acid or nicotinamide.
The daily requirment of vitamin B3 is 12 to 18 mg.
Deficiency of vitamin B3 leads to pellagra, anorexia and insomnia.
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 also known as pyridoxine.
The daily requirment of vitamin B6 is 2 mg.
Deficiency of vitamin B6 leads to dermatitis and glossitis.
Folic Acid
Folic acid is also known as vitamin M and folacin.
Vitamin M is essential for the synthesis of DNA.
The daily requirment of folic acid is 100-300 μg.
Deficiency of vitamin M leads to anaemia and diarrhoea.
Vitamin B12 is also known as cyanocobalamin.
Vitamin B12 is essential for the normal functioning of all body cells.
Vitamin B12 is very costly vitamin since about a ton of liver is required to prepare only 20-25 mg of vitamin B12.
The initial dose of vitamin B12 is 30 μg to 1 mg by IM injection.
Deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to anaemia.
Biotin
Vitamin B7 is also known as biotin and vitamin H.
The daily requirment of biotin is 100-300 μg.
Deficiency of vitamin leads to dermatitis, eczema and muscles ache.
Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid.
Vitamin C is easily destroyed by exposure to air and heat.
Guava and amla are very rich source of vitamin C.
The daily requirment of vitamin C is 30-60 mg.
Deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy and anaemia.
Prolonged deficiency of vitamin C may ultimately lead to death.
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